The overview of methods for ship’s resistance in shallow water
Abstract
The calculation of ship's resistance in shallow water is required for solving a wide variety of applied problems. The motivation for this review is to develop a simulation model of the operation of the river fleet, for which the task of determining the moving time of a ship or convoy is essential. Since the beginning of the 20th century, a number of methods have been developed and different approaches have been used. The methods created by foreign researchers in the last twenty years have not received coverage in the domestic literature. At the same time, domestic developments are almost unknown in foreign literature. Therefore, it is of interest to compare all the methods that are of any significance for practice. The article discusses 16 main methods, and shows that all these methods can be reduced to a single form of calculation. The methods are grouped into three periods: the period up to the 60s of the 20th century, the period of the second half of the 20th century and the period of the 21st century. At the same time, for the advanced methods of each period, we can single out the leading methodological principle of construction: based on semi-empirical ideas, based on numerical and analytical modeling of two-dimensional flow, and based on finite-difference modeling of three-dimensional flow.
References
Recommended procedures and guidelinescaptive model test // Proceedings of the 28th International Towing Tank Conference, pages 7.5–02–06–02, 2007. - URL: https://www.ittc.info/media/11866/75-02-06-02.pdf (дата обращения 18.03.2026)
Звонков В.В. Судовые тяговые расчёты. М.: Гострансиздат, 1932 г. – 320 с.
Van Koningsveld M. Verheij H.J., Taneja P., De Vriend H.J. Ports and Waterways – Navigating the changing world. Delft, 2023. DOI: 10.5074/T.2021.004.
Павленко Г.Е. Сопротивление воды движению судов. М.: Морской транспорт, 1956. -508 с.
Schlichting O. Schiffswiderstand auf beschränkter Wassertiefe; Widerstand von Seeschiffen auf flachem Wasser. Jahrbuch der Schiffbautechnischen Gesellschaft (STG), volume 35, pages 127-148. Springer Verlag, Berlin. 1934. (Английский перевод статьи в Schlichting O. Ship’s Resistance in Water of Limited Depth. US Experimental Model Basin, Washington. Translation N. 56. Januar, 1940.). - URL: https://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/51252. (дата обращения 18.03.2026)
Report of Resistance Comitee. Proceedings of 11th ITTC, 1966. - URL: https://ittc.info/media/2707/report-of-resistance-committee.pdf (дата обращения 18.03.2026)
Гирс И.В. Влияние мелководья на сопротивление судов Труды ВНИТОСС Т.3, вып. 1., 1938. – с. 62-63.
Басин А.М., Веледницкий И.О, Ляховицкий А.Г. Гидродинамика судов на мелководье / Л.: Судостроение, 1976 г. – 320 с.
Карпов А.В. расчет сопротивления судов в стеснённом водоёме Труды ГИИ. Т. 4 вып. 2. 1945.
Звонков, В.В. Судовые тяговые расчёты. – М.: Речной транспорт, 1956. - 324 с.
Апухтин П.А., Войткунский Я.И.. Сопротивление воды движению судов. Л.: МАШГИЗ, 1953. – 356 с.
Тихомиров Н.А. Ходкость судна / М.: Речной транспорт, 1959. – 200 с.
Harvald Sv. Aa. Resistance and Propulsion of Ships. John Willey & Sons, 1983. P. 362.
Latorre R., Luthra G., Tang K. Improvement of Inland waterway Vessel and Barge Tow Performance 1982 Report No 249, September 2022. Report number: 249. Affiliation: University of Michigan. – URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363539478_Improvement_of_Inland_waterway_Vessel_and_Barge_Tow_Performance_1982_Report_No_249 (дата обращения 18.03.2026)
Zeng, Q. A method to improve the prediction of ship resistance in shallow water. Dissertation or the purpose of obtaining the degree of doctor at Delft University of Technology, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:d4d8524a-fedc-4949-a953-f5848a1634bb.
Анфимов В.Н., Ваганов Г.И., Павленко В.Г. Судовые тяговые расчёты / М.: Транспорт, 1970. – 244 с.
Ходкость и управляемость судов: Учебник для вузов / Под ред. В.Г. Павленко. М.: Транспорт, 1991. 397 с.
Справочник по теории корабля. Т.1. Л.: Судостроение, 1985. – 768 с.
Басин, А.М. Гидродинамика судов / А.М. Басин, В.Н. Анфимов. - Ленинград: Речной транспорт, 1961. — 684 с.
Skupień E, Prokopowicz J. Methods of calculating ship resistance on limited waterways // Polish Maritime Research, 4(84), 2014 Vol. 21. pp. 12-17. DOI: 10.2478/pomr-2014-0036.
Rotteveel E. Investigation of inland ship resistance, propulsion and manoeuvring using literature study and potential flow calculations. Master Thesis. Delft University of Technology, 2013. DOI:10.1007/s00773-018-0578-7.
Lackenby H. The Effect of Shallow Water on Ship Speed. – The Shipbuilder and Marine
Enginebuilder, September 1963, p. 13-19. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-3584.1964.tb04413.x.
ITTC Recommended Procedure 7.5-04-01-01.1. Preparation, Conduct and Analysis of Speed/Power Trials, 2017. URL: https://www.ittc.info/media/8372/index.pdf (дата обращения 18.03.2026)
Временная инструкция по планированию и нормированию расхода топлива для судов речного флота. – Москва: Речной транспорт, 1961. — 112 с.
Методическое руководство по разработке графика движения флота с применением электронных вычислительных машин. – М.: Транспорт. – 1970. – 176 с.
Фомкинский, Л.И. Методика тяговых расчётов при обосновании судов речного флота / Л.И. Фомкинский // Труды / ЦНИИЭВТ. — Москва, 1972. — Вып. 86. — 185 с.
Шимко, К.Н. определение скорости движения судов и составов при технико-экономических расчетах / К.Н. Шимко // Труды института комплексных транспортных проблем при Госплаве СССР, 1981. — №19. — С. 117 – 140.
Пискунов, В.А. Совершенствовать нормирование топлива / В.А. Пискунов, Г.А. Самыкин, Е.М. Тумаринсон // Речной транспорт. — 1983. — № 3. — С. 28.
Millward, A. The effects of water depth on hull form factor. International Ship-building Progress, Vol. 36, No. 407, October 1989. p. 283–302.
Toxopeus S. L. Viscousflow calculations for kvlcc2 in deep and shallow water // IV International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering, 2011. pp. 361-358. – URL:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257817328_Viscous-flow_calculations_for_KVLCC2_in_deep_and_shallow_water (дата обращения 18.03.2026)
Jiang T. A New Method For Resistance and Propulsion Prediction of Ship Performance in Shallow Water Proceeding oh 8th PRADS Conference, December 2001. pp.509-515. DOI:10.1016/B978-008043950-1/50064-8.
Deng G.B., Guilmineau E., Leroyer A., Queutey P., Visonneau M., Wackers J. Simulation of Container Ship in Shallow Water at Model Scale and Full Scale // Third Chinese National CFD Symposium on Ship and Offshore Engineering, 2014, Dalian, China. – URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282298211_Simulation_of_Container_Ship_in_Shallow_Water_at_Model_Scale_and_Full_Scale (дата обращения 18.03.2026)
Raven H.C. A method to correct shallow-water model tests for tank wall effects. J. Mar. Sci. Technol. 2018, 24, 437–453. DOI: 10.1007/s00773-018-0563-1.
Prohaska C. A simple method for the evaluation of the form factor and low speed wave resistance // Proceedings 11th ITTC, 1966.
Zhang, C., Ringsberg, J., Thies, F. Development of a ship performance model for power estimation of inland waterway vessels. Ocean Engineering, 287. 2023. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115731.
Copyright (c) 2026 Russian Journal of Water Transport
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
